ROTARY ENGINE

The rotary engine was an early type of internal-combustion engine, usually designed with an odd number of cylinders per row in a radial configuration, in which the crankshaft remained stationary, with the entire crankcase and its attached cylinders rotating around it as a unit in operation. Its main application was in aviation, although it also saw use before its primary aviation role, in a few early motorcycles and automobiles.

This type of engine was widely used as an alternative to conventional inline engines (straight or V) during World War Iand the years immediately preceding that conflict. They have been described as "a very efficient solution to the problems of power output, weight, and reliability".

By the early 1920s, however, the inherent limitations of this type of engine had rendered it obsolete, with the power output increasingly going into overcoming the air-resistance of the spinning engine itself. The rotating mass of the engine also had a significant gyroscopic precession: depending on the type of aircraft, this produced stability and control problems, especially for inexperienced pilots. Another factor in the demise of the rotary was the fundamentally inefficient use of fuel and lubricating oil, caused in part by the need to aspirate the fuel/air mixture through the hollow crankshaft and crankcase, as in a two-stroke engine.

Description

A rotary engine is essentially a standard Otto cycle engine, but instead of having a fixed cylinder block with rotating crankshaft as with a conventional radial engine, the crankshaft remains stationary and the entire cylinder block rotates around it. In the most common form, the crankshaft was fixed solidly to the airframe, and thepropeller was simply bolted onto the front of the crankcase.

Three key factors contributed to the rotary engine's success at the time:

• Smooth running: Rotaries delivered power very smoothly because (relative to the engine mounting point) there are no reciprocating parts, and the relatively large rotating mass of the cylinders acted as a flywheel.
• Weight advantage: many conventional engines had to have heavy flywheels added to smooth out power impulses and reduce vibration. Rotary engines gained a substantial power-to-weight ratio advantage by having no need for an added flywheel.
• Improved cooling: when the engine was running the rotating cylinder block created its own fast-moving cooling airflow, even with the aircraft at rest.

Most rotary engines were arranged with the cylinders pointing outwards from a single crankshaft, in the same general form as a radial, but there were also rotaryboxer engines and even one-cylinder rotaries.

Like radial engines, rotaries were generally built with an odd number of cylinders (usually either 7 or 9), so that a consistent every-other-piston firing order could be maintained, to provide smooth running. Rotary engines with an even number of cylinders were mostly of the "two row" type.

Distinction between "rotary" and "radial" engines

Rotary and radial engines look strikingly similar when they are not running and can easily be confused, since both have cylinders arranged radially around a central crankshaft. Unlike the rotary engine, however, radial engines use a conventional rotating crankshaft in a fixed engine block.

Rotary engine control

Monosoupape rotaries

It is often asserted that rotary engines had no carburetor and hence power could only be reduced by intermittently cutting the ignition using a "blip" switch. This was literally true only of the "Monosoupape" (single valve) type, which took the air supply in through the exhaust valve, and so could not be controlled via the crankcase intake. The "throttle" (fuel valve) of a monosoupape therefore provided only a very limited degree of speed regulation, as opening it made the mixture too rich, while closing it made it too lean (in either case quickly stalling the engine, or damaging the cylinders). Early models featured a pioneering form of variable valve timing in an attempt to give greater control, but this caused the valves to burn and therefore it was abandoned.

The only way of running a Monosoupape engine smoothly at reduced revs was with a switch that changed the normal firing sequence so that each cylinder fired only once per two or three engine revolutions, but the engine remained in perfect balance. As with excessive use of the "blip" switch: running the engine on such a setting for too long resulted in large quantities of unburned fuel and oil in the exhaust, and gathering in the lower cowling, where it was a notorious fire hazard.

"Normal" rotaries

Most rotaries however, had normal inlet valves, so that the fuel (and lubricating oil) was taken into the cylinders already mixed with air - as in a normal four-stroke engine. Although a conventional carburetor, with the ability to keep the fuel/air ratio constant over a range of throttle openings was precluded by the spinning cylinder block, it was possible to adjust the air supply through a separate flap valve or "bloctube". The pilot needed to set the throttle to the desired setting (usually full open) and then adjust the fuel/air mixture to suit using a separate "fine adjustment" lever that controlled the air supply valve. Due to the rotary engine's large rotational inertia, it was possible to adjust the appropriate fuel/air mixture by trial and error without stalling it, although this varied between different types of engine, and in any case it required a good deal of practice to acquire the necessary "knack". After starting the engine with a known setting that allowed it to idle, the air valve was opened until maximum engine speed was obtained.

Throttling a running engine back to reduce revs was possible by closing off the fuel valve to the required position while re-adjusting the fuel/air mixture to suit. This process was also tricky, so that "throttling back", especially when landing, was often accomplished by intermittently cutting the ignition using the blip switch.

Cutting cylinders using ignition switches had the drawback of letting fuel continue to pass through the engine, oiling up the spark plugs and preventing the engine from restarting. Also, the raw oil-fuel mix could collect in the cowling. As this could cause a serious fire when the switch was released, it became common practice for part or all of the bottom of the basically circular cowling on most rotary engines to be cut away, or fitted with drainage slots.

By 1918 a Clerget handbook advised maintaining all necessary control by using the fuel and air controls, and starting and stopping the engine by turning the fuel on and off. The recommended landing procedure involved shutting off the fuel using the fuel lever, while leaving the blip switch on. The windmilling propeller made the engine continue to spin without delivering any power as the aircraft descended. It was important to leave the ignition on to allow the spark plugs to continue to spark and keep them from oiling up, so that the engine could (if all went well) be restarted simply by re-opening the fuel valve. Pilots were advised to not use an ignition cut out switch, as it would eventually damage the engine.

Pilots of surviving or reproduction aircraft fitted with rotary engines still find, however, that the blip switch is useful while landing, as it provides a more reliable, quicker way to initiate power if needed, rather than risk a sudden engine stall, or failure of a windmilling engine to restart at the worst possible moment.

History

Félix Millet showed a 5-cylinder rotary engine built into a bicycle wheel at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889. Millet had patented the engine in 1888, so must be considered the pioneer of the internal combustion rotary engine. A machine powered by his engine took part in the Paris-Bordeaux-Paris race of 1895 and the system was put into production by Darracqin 1900.

Hargrave

Lawrence Hargrave first developed a rotary engine in 1889 using compressed air, intending to use it in powered flight. Materials weight and lack of quality machining prevented it becoming an effective power unit.^[5]

Balzer

Stephen Balzer of New York, a former watchmaker, constructed rotary engines in the 1890s.^[6] He was interested in the rotary layout for two main reasons:

• To generate 100 hp (75 kW) at the low rpm at which the engines of the day ran, the pulse resulting from each combustion stroke was quite large. To damp out these pulses, engines needed a large flywheel, which added weight. In the rotary design the engine acted as its own flywheel, thus rotaries could be lighter than similarly sized conventional engines.
• The cylinders had good cooling airflow over them, even when the aircraft was at rest—which was important, as the low airspeed of aircraft of the time provided limited cooling airflow, and alloys of the day were less advanced. Balzer's early designs even dispensed with cooling fins, though subsequent rotaries did have this common feature of air-cooled engines.

Balzer produced a 3-cylinder, rotary engined car in 1894, then later became involved in Langley's Aerodrome attempts, which bankrupted him while he tried to make much larger versions of his engines. Balzer's rotary engine was later converted to static radial operation by Langley's assistant, Charles M. Manly, creating the notable Manly-Balzer engine.

De Dion-Bouton

The famous De Dion-Bouton company produced an experimental 4-cylinder rotary engine in 1899. Though intended for aviation use, it was not fitted to any aircraft.^[1]

An 80 horsepower rated Le Rhône 9C, a typical rotary engine of WWI. The copper pipes carry the fuel-air mixture from the crankcase to the cylinder heads collectively as an intake manifold.

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HURAIAN PANJANG BERKENAAN ISU PENGHARAMAN ARAK: (MULA SEMULA PADA HARI INI 5 HB JANUARI 2016; JAM 10:28 PAGI).

• Berikut ialah kenyataan Bible tentang pengharaman arak. Genesis 9:23. And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness. Genesis 9:24. And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had done unto him. Genesis 9:25 And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.
• Berikut ialah kenyataan Kitab Suci Al Qur'an dari ayat 219 suroh Al Baqoroh, selain Ayat 90 Suroh Al Maidah berkenaan pengharaman judi dan arak. Mereka bertanya kepada engkau darihal arak dan judi. Katakanlah: Pada keduanya itu dosa besar dan manfaat kepada manusia, tetapi dosa (kesan buruk) keduanya lebih besar dari manfaatnya (kesan baik). Mereka bertanya pula kepada engkau, "Apakah yang akan mereka perlu di nafkahkan (cukai)?" Katakanlah, "Dari hasil kerja mu sendiri". Demikianlah Tuhan menerangkan kepada beberapa kenyataan, mudah mudahan kamu memikirkan.".
• PERTAMANYA DIFINISI ARAK: SEMUA YANG MEMABUKKAN ADALAH HARAM.
• KEDUANYA DIFINISI MABUK: MENGHAYALKAN ATAU MENGHILANGKAN ATAU MENGURANGKAN KEMAMPUAN DAYA FIKIR SECARA NORMAL
• Huraiannya: Merujuk kepada ayat 219 Suroh al Baqoroh tersebut diatas, "sedikit manfaat (kebaikan)" jangan diabaikan, melainkan anda ingin digelar Ustaz atau Ustazah gatal biji kelentit.Berbalik kepada amalan suatu kaum dahulu kala, sembahyang iaitu berdoa kepada Tuhan akan dilakukan dalam keadaan mabuk. Alasannya ialah sewaktu mabuk seseorang itu akan bercakap dengan jujur. Memang tidak dinafikan dalam keadaan separa sedar (setengah mabuk) kita akan bercakap jujur tetapi kekadangnya lain ditanya lain yang dijawabnya.Terlebih mabuk atau mabuk penuh adalah akibat terlebih meminum, memakan atau menghidunya menyebabkan ketagihan. Akibat ketagihan mabuk, kamu akan bercakap jujur sejujurnya sepanjang masa tetapi kamu atau penagih akan bekerja untuk tujuan mabuk sahaja yang menyebabkan kerja lain tergendala. Isu yang cuba dipertikaikan disini ialah, kenapa pula mereka yang tidak mabuk tetapi pandai menipu sepanjang masa dibenarkan? Dimana alasan asalnya ialah mabuk diharamkan kerana manusia tidak boleh berfikiran dengan waras akibat meminum arak, iaitu tidak menipu atau menjawbkan dengan betul. Apabila isu ini cuba diperbahaskan secara lanjut didapati tiada bezanya minum arak atau tidak. Harap Maaf ye. Kenyataan terakhir ini adalah tujuan menyedarkan Ustaz dan Ustazah yang gatal biji kelentitnya walaupun berjubah beserban sepanjang masa. Baiklah dengan prinsip "Prevetion Is Better Than Cure" atau bermaksud "Mencegah Adalah Terlebih Baik Dari Mengubati" maka membuat,meminum, menjual dan mengedarkan arak adalah diharamkan supaya manusia tidak kira lelaki mahupun perempuan tua mahupun muda agar berfikiran waras. Dengan itu bermaksud sekaligus menipu adalah diharamkan juga dan dosa besar (kesalahan berat). Betul kan? Dimana asbabbul nuzul (alasan dan tujuan diperturunkan ayat) cakap berbelit belit juga dikategorikan tidak waras atau seperti orang mabuk. Oleh itu hukuman asas kepada pesalah arak adalah sama dengan menipu, sepatutnya kan?
• Seterusnya sebagai perbandingan perundangan diambil contoh racun tikus, racun serangga dan racun rumpai sekiranya diminum kesannya (akibatnya) adalah lebih buruk dari arak yang dijual dikedai kedai minuman. Kenapa pula dihalalkan (dibolehkan) pengeluaran dan penggunaannya? Oleh itu satu resolusi tegap perlu dikelaurkan yang tidak bercanggah dengan keseluruhan maksud ayat 219 Suroh Al Baqoroh tersebut. Bukan kah begitu? Dengan ini Fatwa sahaya Roshadi bin Rosli K/P:710727065347 berkenaan ayat tersebut ialah pembuatan arak, penjualan, peminuman dan pengedarannya adalah haram untuk tujuan suka suka. Dibenarkan penggunaannya dibawah kawalan pakar untuk tujuan perubatan dan baik sahaja. Sebagaimana ubat ubatan tradisional dan moden. Bermaksud juga disini penggunaanya untuk tujuan gatal kelentik dengan bukan mahram adalah haram (dilarang) juga, sebagai mana kamu pernah perbuat dan yang bercita cita tinggi itu.
• Ubatan tradisional ialah pengambilan terus dari tumbuhan dengan dos (sukatan) yang ditentukan oleh tabib (doktor kampung), seperti penggunaan daun sireh yang dikunyah dengan air liur untuk luka luka dan gatal bijji kelentit. Manakala ubatan moden (ektrak kimia dari tumbuhan yang telah melalui proses penstrukturan molekul) pula menggunakan larutan iodin untuk cuci luka tetapi tidak mujarab (tidak sesuai) untuk gatal gatal biji kelentit manakala krim ubat luka digunakan pula sebagai menahan luka tadi dari bernanah. Teknik penerangan sebeginilah yang paling bersesuaian untuk berbahas dengan Geng Gatal Biji Kelentik 69 Semesta Alam (munafik dan jahil).

JAWAPAN ISU SAMBILAN MUDAH SUPAYA TIDAK BERULANG LAGI: 

Soalan:

Apakah hukuman rejam sampai mati kepada golongan Homoseks sesuai dilaksanakan? 

Jawapannya: 

Tidak sesuai. Halau keluar sudah memadai beserta denda samaada rotan yang tidak mematikan atau denda duit dicadangkan. Resolusi ini berasaskan golongan homo ini tidak mampu berkembang biak di tempat lain dan perlakuan mereka adalah atas dasar suka sama suka, tidak kepada tahap bunuh orang lain.

Isu sebenar yang cuba disembunyikan ialah isteri derhaka kepada suami, campurtangan orang luar dalam rumahtangga dan jalang menjadi suami dimana hukuman kepada keduanya sebagaimana di sarankan oleh Nabi Muhammad S.A.W seringan sebatan 100 rotan tidak mematikan setelah didapati bersalah dan dibicarakan di khalayak ramai selayaknya. Huraian denda sebat atas kesalahan curang atau durhaka ini adalah disebabkan perempuan sebelum menjadi isteri menurut mana mana kitab secara telah bersumpah setia untuk taat kepada perintah baik suami dalam keadaan susah dan senang. Dengan erti kata lainnya isteri itu adalah milik (harta) suami secara mutlak sehingga tuntutan cerai (murtad atau fasakh) dibicarakan dan disahkan. Apabila perempuan faham isteri adalah harta suami,maka zakat fitroh bagi diri sendiri isteri (tubuh badan siisteri) dimana kekadang diistilahkan nafkah di bumi Melayu, adalah tanggunganjawab (kewajipan) suami. Tanggungjawab ini tidak termasuk harta peribadi isteri seperti seperti kereta, kuda tunggangannya dan kaldai bebal, kalung, cincin, rumah dimana cukai harta tersebut adalah tanggungan wajib isteri tersebut.

Sebab itulah satu dari ayat al qur'annya diakhiri dengan ungkapan lebih kurang sebegini "Kahwinilah mana mana wanita yang kamu cintai sebanyak mana kamu mampu miliki sekiranya termampu". Dengan terjemahan ringkas terakhir tadi diharap tiada yang menyelewengkan maksudnya, sebab "lain ulu lain parang, lain padang lain belalangnya"!

Ketereangan Ulangan Selari dengan Dalil al Qur'an dan Bible berkenaan Pencurian.

1. Perompak tercedera, seperti terpotong tangannya atau mati sewaktu kejadian rompakan. Mangsa rompakan tidak dipersalahkan.

2. Perompak yang menyerahdiri tanpa lawan tidak boleh di potong tangannya.

3. Perompak yang menyerahdiri tanpa lawan boleh dijatuhi hukuman sebat yang tidak mematikan dan semua tuntutan gantirugi setimpal hendaklah dijelaskan olehnya atau digantikan dengan bekerja dalam tahanan sehingga jelas tuntutan gantirugi. Kenyataan ini pernah dikeluarkan sebelum banjir 2014.

Tambahan pada hari ini 6 hb Januari 2016, Jam 4:28 petang Rabu.

4. Kecuaian pengawal keselamatan juga boleh dijatuhi hukuman setimpal walapun tidak berpakat.

Mangsa rogol yang biasanya cuba menafikan dirinya di rogol atas beberapa perkara:

1. Disihir teruk.

Ada seseorang yang dipercayai disihir teruk, tidak dapat membezakan dua waran yang jelas berbeza, seperti Merah dan Hijau, Biru dan Silver.

2. Pengaruh Dadah.

3. Diugut.

4. Menjaga Maruah keluarga.

5. Dah Miang.

6. Undang Undang senget.

7. Pengikut Ajaran Sesat.

8. Kurang pendidikan Islam.

9. Tunjuk Pandai nak lawan Fatwa Perempuan Juga Wajib Sembahayang Jumaat.

10. Tidak Waras atau Gila.